Cu hmZ§sfñmw ASnØm\ clnXamWv. Hcp Ncn{X]pcpjs\¡pdn¨v Adnhp \ðIpó tIhe t{kmXÊmbn lZoYpIsf ImWpóXp sImïmWv Cu hmZ§fpïmhpóXv. lZoYv A]{KY\¯nsâ Imcy¯nð Cu hmZ§sfñmw ASnØm\clnXamsWóv Ahsb hniIe\w sNbvXmð kpXcmw t_m[ys¸Spw.

1) lZoYpIfpsS Bib{][m\ `mKamb aXv\ns\ hnaÀi\mßIambn hniIe\w sN¿póXmWv imkv{XobcoXn.

lZoYpIfpsS [Àas¯bpw ZuXys¯bpw ]än thï{X a\Ênem¡m¯XpsImïv DbÀóphcpóXmWo A`n{]mbw. Ncn{X]csaóXntesd [mÀanIamb ZuXyamWv lZoYpIÄ \nÀhln¡póXv. apl½Zv \_n(kz) Hcp Ncn{X]pcpj\mbncpópshóv Øm]n¡pIbñ lZoYpIfpsS [Àaw. B PohnXs¯¡pdn¨v IrXyamb hnhc§Ä \ðIn At±ls¯ A\p[mh\w sN¿m³ apkvenwIsf ]cym]vXcm¡n¯oÀ¡pIbmWv lZoYpIÄ sN¿póXv. tIhesamcp Ncn{X]pcpjt\m BßobmNmcyt\m `cWm[nImcntbm Añ apl½Zv \_n(kz). kÀhià\nð\nóv t_m[\w e`n¨psImïncpó {]hmNI\mWv; B t_m[\{]Imcw kwkmcn¡pIbpw {]hÀ¯n¡pIbpw A\phZn¡pIbpw sNbvX ssZhZqX\mWv. hm¡pw {]hr¯nbpw A\phmZhpsañmw ssZhnIt_m[\ {]Imcw Nn«s¸Sp¯nb A´na{]hmNIsâ PohnX¯nð kw`hn¨Xpw At±lw ]dªXpw sNbvXXpw A\phZn¨Xpamb Imcy§fpsS tcJoIcWamWtñm lZoYv. ssZhnI t_m[\§fmð Ønc¸Sp¯s¸Spó Imcy§Ä imkv{Xobamb A]{KY\¯n\XoXamWv Fó Imcy¯nð kwibanñ. A§s\bmIpt¼mÄ \_n(kz)bpsS PohnX¯nsâ tcJoIcWamb lZoYpIsf imkv{Xob hniIe\¯n\v hnt[bam¡pósX§s\bmWv?

\_nPohnX¯nse Aam\pjnI kw`h§Ä DZmlcWamsbSp¡pI. Hcp AÛpXw ImWn¡m\mhiys¸« a¡mapivcn¡pIfpsS apónð sh¨v N{µ³ ]nfÀóXmbn hyàam¡pó kzlolmb lZoYpIfpïv.(65) JpÀB\nepw C¡mcyw ØncoIcn¡s¸«n«pïv. (54:1,2). Hscmä cm{XnsImïv \_n(kz) a¡bnepÅ akvPnZpð ldanð \nóv ^ekvXo\nepÅ akvPnZpð AJvkbnte¡pw AhnsS\nóv BImitemI§fnte¡pw bm{XsNbvXXmbn ØncnIcn¡s¸« lZoYpIÄ hyàam¡póp.(66) akvPnZpð ldanð\nóv AJvkbnte¡pÅ \nim{]bmWw JpÀB\pw icnsh¡pópïv. (17:1)

C§s\ \nch[n AÛpXkw`h§Ä \_nPohnX¯nepïmbn«pïv. Ch AÛpX§fmhpóXp Xsó imkv{X¯n\v hniZoIcn¡phm³ Ignbm¯XpsImïmWv. ChbpÄs¡mÅpó lZoYpIsf Ncn{XhnaÀi\ coXnbnð A]{KYn¡pósX§s\bmWv? A¯csamcp A]{KY\¯n\v hnt[bam¡nbmð C§s\sbmópw kw`hn¨n«nsñóv ]dbmt\ Ncn{XhnaÀiIÀ¡v Ignbq. AhcpsS ]cntim[\m kt¦X§fpsS hcpXnbnsemXp§póXñ Cu kw`h§Ä Fóp ]dbpóXmhpw icn. Ncn{XhnaÀi\¯nsâ ]co£W\mfn¡v DÄs¡mÅm\mhm¯ hn[w _rl¯mb hnjb§fmWv lZoYpIÄ ssIImcyw sN¿pósXóÀYw.

\_n(kz) ]dbpItbm sN¿pItbm A\phZn¡pItbm sNbvXpshóv Dd¸pÅ Imcy§Ä tNmZyw sN¿msX A\p[mh\w sN¿póh\mWv apkvenw. AXv Dd¸n¡pIbmWv lZoYv \nZm\imkv{X¯nsâ [Àaw. aXv\ns\ Ncn{XhnaÀi\¯nsâ coXnbnð A]{KYn¨mð ]camh[n ]dbm³ IgnbpI \_n(kz) AXv sNbvXn«nsñtóm sNbvXncn¡m³ km[yXbpsïtóm am{XamWv. sNbvXn«nsñóv Dd¸n¡phm\ñmsX sNbvXn«psïóv Dd¸n¡m\mhiyamb kt¦X§Ä Ncn{XhnaÀiI³amÀ¡v hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¡phm³ Ignªn«nñ. lZoYv \nZm\imkv{X¯nsâ ZuXyw \_n sN¿pItbm ]dbpItbm A\phZn¡pItbm sNbvXn«psïóv Dd¸n¡pIbmWv. AXn\v aXv\v hnaÀi\w Xosc A]cym]vXamWv. \_n(kz)bnð \nópïmbXsñóv Dd¸pÅ Imcy§Ä aXv\nð Dsï¦nð AXv AkzoImcyamsWóv lZoYv \nZm\imkv{XÚÀ hn[n¨n«papïv.

hnizmkw, IÀaw, kz`mhw, acymZ, \nbaw XpS§nb Imcy§fmWv lZoYpIÄ ssIImcyw sN¿pó hnjb§Ä. ssZhnI t_m[\{]ImcapÅ \_n \nÀtZi§Ä A¸Sn kzoIcn¡pIbmWv C¯cw hnjb§fnð apkvenw sNt¿ïsXómWv ]Tn¸n¡s¸«ncn¡póXv. XónjvS {]Imcañ, ssZhnIt_m[\¯nsâ ASnØm\¯nemWv \_n(kz) kwkmcn¨sXóv JpÀB³(53:3,4) hyàam¡pópïv. Hcp {]tXyI IÀaw apl½Zv \_n(kz) ]Tn¸n¨n«ptïm Ctñsbóv a\Ênem¡m³ Ncn{XhnaÀi\ coXnbnð aXv\ns\ A]{KY\ hnt[bam¡nbmð Ignbptam? hpZpshSp¡pt¼mÄ GsXñmw Ahbh§Ä F{X XhW hoXamWv \_n(kz) IgpInbsXóv ]Tn¸n¡pó lZoYns\ A]{KYn¨v AXv \_n(kz) bnð \nópÅXmtWm Atñsbóv hyàam¡phm³ Ncn{XhnaÀi\ coXnbpsS A{]amZnXz¯nð Al¦cn¡póhÀ¡v Ignbptam? Cu tNmZy§Äs¡ñmapÅ D¯cw "Cñ' sbómWv. aXv\v hnaÀi\w hgn lZoYv \nZm\imkv{X¯n\v AXnsâ ZuXyw \nÀhln¡m\mhnsñóÀYw.

\_nPohnX¯nsâ kXykÔamb BhnjvImcamWv X§Ä¡v e`nt¡ïXv FóXn\mð AXn\v D]bpàamb Gähpw imkv{Xobamb coXnbmWv lZoYv \nZm\imkv{XÚÀ hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¯Xv. aXv\v hnaÀi\w hgn X§Ä¡mhiyambXv e`n¡nsñóv AhÀ¡dnbmambncpóp. kzoImcyamb aXv\pIÄ GsXms¡bmsWómbncpóp AhÀ At\zjn¨Xv. A]{KYn¡phm\mIm¯ hnhc§fpÄs¡mÅpóXpw X§Ä \nÀ_Ôambpw ]n´pStcïXpamb aXv\pIÄ thÀXncn¨p a\Ênem¡phm\mWv AhÀ k\Zns\ \njvIrjvSambn A]{KYn¨Xv. AhÀ¡mhiyambXv AXnð \nóv AhÀ¡v e`n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. lZoYv \nZm\imkv{X¯nsâ [Àas¯bpw ZuXys¯bpw Ipdn¨v a\ÊnemIm¯psImïmWv k\Zv A]{KY\añ aXv\v hnaÀi\amWv imkv{Xobw Fóv NneÀ IcpXm\pÅ ImcWsaóv ]dbpóXv AXpsImïmWv.

2) aXv\ns\ hniIe\w sN¿m³ lZoYv \nZm\imkv{XÚÀ kó²ambn«nñ.

sXämb Hcp Btcm]WamWnXv. X§fpsS ZuXy¯n\v aXv\v hnaÀi\w sImïv Imcyansñóv a\Ênem¡nbhcmbncpóp lZoYv \nZm\imkv{XÚÀ FóXn\mð X§fpsS {][m\s¸« taJebmbn AhÀ IïXv k\Znsâ A]{KY\ambncpópshóXv icnbmWv. Fómð \_n(kz) bnð \nópÅXsñóv Dd¸p \ðIpó cnXnbnepÅ aXv\pIfpÅ lZoYpIÄ AhÀ AkzoImcyambn hnebncp¯nbncpópshó hkvXpX \ntj[n¡m\mhm¯XmWv. X§fpsS ZuXy¯nð aXv\v hnaÀi\¯n\v sNdnsbmcp [Àaw am{Xsa \nÀhln¡m\mhqsbóXn\mð Ckv\mZpIÄ ]cntim[n¡phm\pw AXnsâ kXyXbpw ss\c´cyhpw Dd¸phcp¯phm\pw Ahcp]tbmKn¨ kabhpw DuÀPhpambn XmcXayw sN¿pt¼mÄ aXv\v hnaÀi\¯n\v hfsc Ipd¨v kabhpw DuÀPhpw am{Xsa AhÀ sNehgn¨ncpópÅq. AXnsâ ASnØm\¯nð lZoYv \nZm\ imkv{XÚ³amÀ aXv\v hnaÀi\s¯ AhKWn¨pshóv ]dbpóXv ASnØm\ clnXamWv. ZpÀ_e lZoYpIfpsS Iq«¯nepÅ im±v, apZvdPv Fóo C\§fpw hymP lZoYpIsf \nco£n¡m\pÅ ASbmf§fmbn ]ÞnXòmÀ hniZoIcn¨ Imcy§fpw aXv\ns\ ASnkvYm\am¡nbpÅ \ncq]W¯nsâ `mKamWv

aXv\v hnaÀi\¯nð Dkqepð lZoYnsâ ]WvUnX³amÀ kzoIcn¨ am\ZWvU§Ä Xmsg ]dbpóhbmWv.

1) kmlnXy¯nepw hmNIip²nbnepw DóX \nehmcw ]peÀ¯nbncpó \_n(kz)bnð \nópÅXmsWóv Dd¸p \ðIpó hmNILS\bnepÅXpw \nehmcw Ipdª ]Z{]tbmK§Ä DÄ¡mÅm¯XpamhpI.

2) hymJym\n¡m³ ]äm¯hn[w {]mYanI _p²nt¡m sXfnbn¡s¸« hkvXpXIÄt¡m AwKoIcn¡s¸« kz`mh aqey§Ät¡m FXncmb ]cmaÀi§Ä DÄs¡mÅm¯XmhpI.

3) JpÀBt\m kzoIcn¡s¸« lZotYm ]WvUnX³amcpsS GIIWvTamb A`n{]mbamb CPvamHm DÅ Imcy¯ns\Xncmbn hyJym\n¨v tbmPn¸n¡m³ Ignbm¯ ]cmaÀi§fnñm¯XmhpI.

4) \_n(kz) bpsS Imes¯ Adnbs¸« Ncn{XbmYmÀYy§Äs¡Xncmb ]cmaÀi§Ä CñmXncn¡pI.

5) XÀ¡apÅ Imcy§fnð \nthZIsâ ]£s¯ \ymboIcn¡pó {]kvXmh\Ifnð \nóv apàamhpI.

6) P\¡q«¯nð sh¨p ]ckyambn \Só Hcp ImcyamsW¦nð [mcmfw t]À \nthZ\w sN¿m³ km[yXbpïmbn«pw HcmÄ am{Xw \nthZ\w sNbvXXv AñmXncn¡pI.

7) XpÑamb IÀa§Ä¡v AXncp Ihnª {]Xn^e§Ä hmKvZm\w sN¿pótXm `b¦camb in£Isf¡pdn¨v apódnbn¸p \ðIpótXm Bb ]cmaÀi§Ä CñmXncn¡pI.

8) CkvemanI icoA¯nsâ ASnkvYm\ X¯z§Ä¡v hncp²amb \oNamb Imcy§Ä¡v t{]cWtbm t{]mðkml\tam \ðIpó ]cmaÀi§Ä CñmXncn¡pI.

\_n(kz)bnð \nópÅXsñóv Dd¸n¡m\mhpó aXv\v DÄs¡mÅpó lZoYpIÄ AkzoImcyambhbmsWóv hn[n¡pIbpw AXns\Xnsc t_m[hð¡cn¡pIbpw sNbvX \nch[n kw`h§fpïv. "\qlv \_nubpsS I¸ð IAv_sb Ggp XhW {]Z£nWw sN¿pIbpw aJmap C_vdmloanð \akvIcn¡pIbpw sNbvXp', "kpµcamb apJt¯¡v t\m¡póXv I®n\v ImgvN sXfnbn¡pw', "D\Pv_v\p D\p_v Fó HcmfpsS \ofw aqhmbncw apgambncpóp; \qlv \_nbpsS Imes¯ {]fbw AbmfpsS sRcnbmWnhsctb F¯nbncpópÅq', "]qh³ tImgn Fsâ kplr¯mWv; Fsâ kplr¯nsâ kplr¯v Pn_vcoemWv' XpS§nb ]cmaÀi§fpÅ lZoYpIÄ {]mYanI _p²n¡pw AwKoIcn¡s¸« kz`mhaqey§Ä¡psaXncmsWóv ]ÞnXòmÀ hyàam¡nbn«pïv. "hy`nNmc¯nð P\n¨ k´m\w Ggp a¡Ähtc¡pw kzÀK¯nð {]thin¡pIbnñ' Fó lZoYv HcmfpsS Ipäw asämcmÄ hln¡pIbnsñó JpÀB\nsâ kv]jvSamb Bib¯ns\XncmsWópw "kXyhpambn s]mcp¯s¸Spó Hcp hN\w Fsó¸än ]dbs¸«mð, Rm³ AXv ]dªn«psï¦nepw Csñ¦nepw \n§fXv ]n³]äpI'sbó lZoYv \_n(kz)sb¸än Ifhp ]dbcpsXóv hne¡pó kp{]kn²amb lZoYn\v hncp²amsWópw "k´m\¯n\v apl½Zv Fóp t]cn«mð Ah\pw Ahsâ k´m\hpw kzÀK¯nembncn¡pw' Fó lZoYv \maañ IÀaamWv kzÀK{]m]vXn¡v \nZm\saó Øncs¸« CkvemanI X¯z¯n\v FXncmsWópw ssJ_dnse blqZ³amcnð\nóv \nIpXnhm§n,AXn\v km£n \nóXv kAZv_v\p apBZpw(d) IcmÀ FgpXnbXv apBhnb(d)bpambncpópshó lZoYv; I¸w hm§pó k{¼Zmbw Aóv \nehnepïmbncpónñ, ssJ_dn\v ap³]v J³ZJv bp²w Ignª DSs\ acWs¸«bmfmWv kAZv, apBhnb Ckvemw kzoIcn¨Xv ssJ_dn\v amk§Ä¡v tijw \Só a¡mhnPb¯n\p tijamWv Fóo ImcW§fmð am{Xambn¯só AkzoImcyambn KWn¡mhpóXmsWópw \_n(kz) sb Ipfnapdnbnð sh¨v IïXmbn A\kv(d) \nthZ\w sNbvX lZoYv A¡me¯v lnPmknð Ipfnapdnbpïm¡pó k{¼Zmbansñó ImcW¯mð Xsó XÅn¡fbmhpóXmsWópw lZoYv \nZm\imkv{XÚòmÀ FSp¯p ]dªn«pïv. Fómð Chsbmópw Xsó aXv\v hnaÀi\w hgn am{Xw amän\nÀ¯s¸«hbñ. {]XypX, AhbpsS Ckv\mZpIÄ IqSn ]cntim[n¨ tijw Ah ZpÀ_eamsWóv t_m[ys¸« tijw am{Xw XÅs¸« lZoYpIfmWv. Ckv\mZpIÄ {]_eamb lZoYpIsfsbmópw aXv\v hnaÀi\w hgn ]ÞnX³amÀ¡v XÅn¡ftbïnhóncpónñ Fóv ]dbpóXmhpw icn; \njvIrjvSamb Ckv\mZv ]cntim[\bpsS Acn¸bneqsS \_n(kz)bnð \nópÅXmsWóv Dd¸pÅ lZoYpIÄ am{Xta ]pd¯vhóncpópÅp. AhbpsS aXv\n\v Ipg¸§sfs´¦nepapÅXmbn ]ÞnX³amÀ¡v tXmónbncpónñ. kzlolmb k\tZmSpIqSn \nthZ\w sN¿s¸« lZoYpIfpsS aXv\pIfnteXnse¦nepw \tS ]dª XIcmdpIÄ Isï¯phm³ AhÀ¡v Ignªncpóncpónñ FóÀYw.

lZoYv \nZm\imkv{XÚ³amÀ aXv\v hnaÀi\w \S¯nsbóv ]dbpt¼mÄ X§fpsS _p²nt¡m bpànt¡m tbmPn¡m¯hbpw JpÀB\ns\XncmsWóv X§Ä¡v tXmópóXpamb lZoYpIsfñmw XÅn¡fbWsaóv [cn¨p IqSm¯XmWv. bpànt¡m _p²nt¡m FXncmsWóv Hät\m«¯nð tXmópó lZoYpIfnð ]eXns\bpw AhKmVambn A]{KYn¨mð AXnð bpàn hncp²ambn bmsXmópansñóv ImWm\mhpw. JpÀB\nI X¯z§Äs¡XncmsWóv {]Xy£¯nð tXmópó Nne lZoYpIfpsS ØnXnbpw CXp XsóbmWv. Bb¯v AhXcn¸n¡s¸« kµÀ`hpw lZoYnse kw`h¯nsâ ]Ým¯ehpw a\Ênem¡n hymJym\n¨mð C§s\ Btcm]n¡s¸« ]e lZoYpIfnepapÅXv JpÀB\n\v ]qcIamb Imcy§fmsWóv t_m[ys¸Spw. AXpsImïp Xsó ]WvUnX³amÀ¡v aXv\v hnaÀi\w hgn am{Xambn lZoYpIsfmópw XÅn¡ftbïn hón«nñ. Ckv\mZv kzlolmsW¦nð aXv\pw kzoImcyamsWó \ne]mSns\ tNmZyw sN¿m\mIpó Xc¯nepÅ aXv\Isfmópw Xsó kzlolmb lZoYpIÄ DÄs¡mÅpónñ.

X§Ä¡v {Kln¡m³ Ignbm¯ Imcy§tfsX¦nepw lZoYpIfnepsï¦nð I®S¨v AXv bpàns¡XncmsWópw XÅn¡ftbïXmsWópw ]dbpóhcmbncpónñ lZoYv \nZm\imkv{XÚÀ FóXv icnbmWv. \_n(kz)bpsS hyànXzs¯bpw ZuXys¯bpw Ipdn¨v IrXyamb Aht_m[w AhÀ¡pïmbncpóp FóXpsImïmbncpóp CXv. ssZhnIt_m[\¯nsâ ASnØm\¯nepÅ \_nsamgnIfnð bpàn¡v hncp²amb hñXpapsïóv X§Ä¡v tXmónbmð AXv X§fpsS bpànbpsS Ipg¸ambn¡qtSsbómbncn¡pw AhÀ BZyw ]cntim[n¡pI. kmam\ybpànbpambn HcÀY¯nepw s]mcp¯s¸Sm¯XmsW¦nð am{Xambncn¡pw AhcXv XÅn¡fbpI. Adnbs¸Spó bmYmÀYy§Äs¡XncmWv \_nsamgnIsfóv AhÀ¡v tXmónbmð AXnse ]cmaÀi§Ä Cóv a\Ênem¡m³ km[yXbnñm¯Xpw `mhnbnð Adnbm³ IgnbpóXpamtWmsbómbncn¡pw AhÀ ]cntim[n¡pI; JpÀB\nt\m Adnbs¸Spó lZoYpIÄt¡m FXncmsWóv tXmópó ]cmaÀi§fpÅ Hcp lZoYv e`n¨mð FXncmsWóXv ]cnanXamb Adnhp]tbmKn¨pÅ Xsâ hnebncp¯ð am{XamtWm AXñ bmYmÀYyw XsóbmtWmsbómbncn¡pw AhÀ A]{KYn¡pI. aXv\v hnaÀi\¯nsâ shfn¨¯nð lZoYpIÄ XÅn¡fbmdpïmbncpónseóv kmcw.

kzoImcyamb k\tZmSp IqSnbpÅhbmsW¦nð aXv\nse AkzoImcysaóp tXmópó Imcy§Ä hymJym\n¨v tbmPn¸n¡m³ {ian¡pó lZoYv \nZm\imkv{XÚcpsS ]cn{ia§Ä AhcpsS BßmÀYXbnð\nópð`qXambhbmbncpóp. _p²nbpsSbpw bpànbpsSbpw DóXhnXm\¯nemWv X§sfó Al¦mcw AhÀ¡pïmbncpónñ. Añmlphnsâ Xocpam\¯n\p ap¼nð X§fpsS bpànt_m[s¯ kaÀ¸n¡phm³ kó²cmbncpóp AhÀ. {]hmNI\nð\nópÅhbmsWóv _mlyamb sXfnhpIfmð Øm]n¡s¸« hN\§fnse ]cmaÀi§Ä X§Ä¡v DÄs¡mÅm\mhpónsñ¦nð AXv X§fpsS ]cnanXnbmsWóv a\Ênem¡phm\pÅ hn\bw AhÀ¡pïmbncpóp. AXpsImïv Xsó aXv\v hnaÀi\s¯¡mÄ AhÀ {]m[m\yw \ðInbXv k\Zv A]{KY\¯n\mWv. X§fpsS coXn am{XamWv icnsbóv Al¦cn¡póhÀ¡v kaÀ¸W¯nð \nópð`qXamb bpànbpsS kmjvSmwK {]Wmaw a\Ênembns¡mÅWsaónñ. AXypóX\mb \mYs\¡pdn¨ Adnhnð \nóv Dð`qXamIpó hn\bw PohnX k]cybm¡m³ Ignbpt¼mÄ am{Xsa a\pjybpàn {kjvSmhn\p apónð {]Wmaw sN¿póXnsâ bpànsbbpw kaÀ¸W¯nsâ kuµcys¯bpw BkzZn¡m\mhq. AXnópÅ `mKyw lZoYv hnaÀiIÀ¡v Dïmbn«nsñóv IcpXpópXmhpw icn!

3) aXv\ns\ Ncn{XhnaÀi\¯nsâ coXnbnð A]{KYn¨mð Ahbne[nIhpw \_n(kz) ]dªXsñóv t_m[ys¸Spw.

ASnØm\clnXamb Hcp Btcm]WamWnXv. Ncn{XhnaÀi\ coXnbnð aXv\ns\ A]{KYn¨v AXv \_n(kz) ]dªXsñóv Øm]n¡Wsa¦nð AXnð Imem\p{Ia {]amZ (anarchonism)§sfs´¦nepapïmhWw. \_n(kz)¡¡ptijw \nehnð hó Fs´¦nepw Imcy§sf¡pdn¨ ]cmaÀi§fpïmhpIbpw {]kvXpX ]cmaÀi§Ä \_n(kz)¡p tijw cNn¡s¸«hbmWv AsXóv hyàam¡pIbpw sN¿pt¼mgmWv Ahsb Imem\p{Ia {]amZ§fmbn ]cnKWn¡póXv. A§s\bpÅ Fs´¦nepw kzlolmb lZoYpIfnepÅXmbn sXfnbn¡phm³ hnaÀiIÀs¡mópw Ignªn«nñ. A¯cw hñ ]cmaÀi§fpw aXv\v DÄs¡mÅpóptïmsbó ]cntim[\ IqSn Ignª tijamWv Hcp lZoYv kzlolmsWóv Xocpam\n¡póXv FóXn\memWnXv. Imem\p{Ia {]amZ§sf ]cXn¸cntim[n¨v ss__nfns\t¸msebpÅ cN\IfpsS Ncn{X]cXsb tNmZyw sN¿póXp t]mse lZoYpIfpsS Ncn{X]cXsb \ntj[n¡phm³ Ncn{X hnaÀiIÀ¡v Ignbnñ. Ncn{X hnaÀi\ coXnbpsS hàm¡Ä Imem\p{Ia{]amZ§sf ]T\hnt[bam¡n GsX¦nepsamcp ]pcmX\ t{kmXÊnsâ Ncn{X]cX \nÀWbn¡phm\pÅ kt¦X§Ä Isï¯póXn\v \qämïpIÄ¡p ap¼pXsó {]kvXpX kt¦X§Ä¡v ]nSnsImSp¡m¯h®w lZoYpIsf A\yq\am¡phm³ lZoYv \nZm\ imkv{XÚÀ¡v IgnªncpópshóÀYw.

\_n(kz)bnð \nópÅXmsWó coXnbnð \nthZ\w sN¿s¸« lZoYpIfnsemópw Imem\p{Ia {]amZ§fpïmbncpónñ Fóv CXn\ÀYanñ. A´na {]hmNIsâ(kz)t]cnð Btcm]n¡s¸«ncpó hymP lZoYpIfpsS aXv\pIfnð A¯cw {]amZ§fpïmbncpóp. \_n(kz)¡v ]XnämïpIÄ¡p tijw cNn¡s¸SpIbpw \_n(kz)bpsS t]cnð Btcm]n¡s¸SpIbpw sN¿pó hr¯m´§fnð AXv kzm`mhnIamWv. hymPlZoYpIÄ \nÀan¨bmfpsS Ncn{X]camb AÚXbpsS tXmX\pkcn¨v A¯cw {]amZ§fpsS F®¯nð Gä¡pd¨nepIfpïmIpsatóbpÅq. "Ccp\qdp hÀj§Ä¡p tijamWv temImhkm\¯nsâ ASbmf§Ä {]Xy£s¸SpI' Fó lZoYv XÅpóXn\v Ccp\qdp hÀjw Ignªn«pw A¯cw e£W§sfmópw Iïn«nñ Fó ImcWw IqSn Camw _pJmcn ]dªXmbn Camw Zl_n hyàam¡pópïv.(67) "{]Nmc¯nencn¡pó apkvenw \mWb§sf s]m«n¡póXv {]hmNI³(kz) hne¡nbncn¡póp' shó lZoYv \nthZ\w sNbvX apl½Zv _n³ ^Zm kzoIcn¡phm³ sImÅm¯h\msWóv hn[n¡phm\pÅ ImcW§fnsemómbn Aahn¿m¡fpsS Ime¯v am{XamWv apkvenwIÄ \mWb§Ä ASn¨nd¡m\mcw`n¨Xv Fó hkvXpX FSp¯p]dbpIbpw \_n(kz)bpsS Ime¯v \mWbw \ne\nóncpónsñóXn\mð At±lw AkzoImcy\msWóv Camw _pJmcn hyàam¡pIbpw sNbvXn«pïv.(68) ssJ_dnse blqZ³amtcmSv \nIpXnhm§nbXn\v km£n kAZv _v\p apBZpw(d) IcmÀ FgpXnbXv apBhnb(d)bpambncpóp' Fó lZoYv XÅn¡fbpóXn\pÅ ImcWambn ssJ_À bp²Ime¯v I¸w hm§pó k{¼Zmbapïmbncpónsñópw kAZv_v\p apBZv(d) {]kvXpX bp²¯n\v ap¼p Xsó acWs¸«n«psïópw apBhnb(d) apkvenambXv bp²¯n\v tijhpamsWó hkvXpXIÄ IqSn ]ÞnXòmÀ FSp¯p]dªXmbn XÅn¡fªXmbn \tS hyàam¡nbn«pïv. C¯cw {]amZ§Ä Isï¯pIbpw Ahsb A]{KYn¨v amänsh¡pIbpw sNbvX tijamWv lZoYv \nZm\ imkv{XÚ³amÀ kzlolmb lZoYpIsf thÀXncn¨v tcJs¸Sp¯nbXv. kzlolmb lZoYpIfpsS aXv\nð C\nbpsamcp Ncn{X hnaÀi\m]{KY\w BhiyansñóÀYw.

kzlolmb lZoYpIfnð Btcm]n¡s¸Spó imkv{Xm_²§fpsS ØnXnbpw CXpXsóbmWv. JWvUnXambn sXfnbn¡s¸« imkv{XhkvXpXIsfmópw kzlolmb lZoYpIÄ \ntj[n¡pónñ. Fómð imkv{Xobambn sXfnbn¡s¸Sm¯ Imcy§sf¡pdn¨ ]cmaÀi§Ä Ahbnepïmhmw. \ne\nð¡pó Adnhnsâ am{Xw ASnØm\¯nð A¯cw ]cmaÀi§sf A_²ambn KWn¨v lZoYpIÄ AkzoImcyamsWóv hn[n¡póXv A]ISIcamWv. a\pjysâ sshÚm\nI aWvUew C\nsb{X hfcm\ncn¡póp?! {]m]ônI {]Xn`mk§sf¡pdn¨ Adnhnsâ NpcpfpIÄ C\nbpsa{X \nhcm\ncn¡póp?! hnÚm\almkmKc¯nse XpÅnIÄ am{Xw BkzZn¡m³ Ahkcw e`n¨ a\pjyÀs¡§s\bmWv {]kvXpX kmKc¯nsâ DSaØ\mb Añmlphnsâ t_m[\s¯ X\n¡p e`n¨ sNdnb Adnhnsâ shfn¨¯nð XÅn¡fbm\mhpI? \ap¡v a\Ênembn¡gnªn«nñm¯ Imcy§sf¡pdn¨v kzlolmb lZoYpIÄ Fs´¦nepw ]dbpópsh¦nð, \½psS sshÚm\nI aWvUew AhnsSsb¯n¡gnªn«nsñóv IcpXn Im¯ncn¡póXtñ icn?! kzlolmb lZoYpIfnð Aimkv{XobX ]cXpóhÀ¡v, Adnbm\pÅsXñmw AdnªpIgnªhcmWv X§sfóv A`n{]mbaptïm? Csñ¦nð, F§s\bmWv lZoYpIsf XÅn¡fbm³ imkv{X¯nsâ D]IcW§Ä D]bpàamhpI?

lZoYpIfpsS hnizmkyXsb hnaÀin¨p sImïv \_n(kz) bpsS Ncn{X]cXsb tNmZyw sN¿m³ {ian¡póhcpsS hmZ§sfñmw ASnØm\clnXamsWó hkvXpXbmWv \mw a\Ênem¡nbXv. B\¡el¯nsâ Hómw hÀjw apXð lnPvd 11mw hÀjw hsc, AYhm {InkvXm_vZw 571 apXð 632 hsc, Ncn{X¯nsâ ]qÀWamb shfn¨¯nemWv apl½Zv \_n(kz) Pohn¨sXóv hyàam¡pó t{kmXÊmWv lZoYpIÄ. AhbpsS hnizmkyXbnð kwibw P\n¸n¨v \_nPohnXs¯ Ncn{X¯nsâ ]pdwt]m¡nte¡v XÅn¡fbmsaóv IcpXpóhcpsS B{Kl§sfb{Xbpw XIÀ¯pIfbm³ am{Xw AP¿hpw A\yq\hpamWv lZoYpIfpsS kwc£Ww. Xm³ kwc£n¡msaóv hmKvZm\w sNbvX Xsâ hN\§fmb JpÀB³ kwc£n¡s¸«Xp t]mse AXnsâ hymJym\amb kpó¯ns\bpw lZoYpIfneqsS Añmlp kwc£n¨ncn¡póp. cïnsâbpw kwc£Ww cïpcoXnbnemWv \nÀhln¡s¸«ncn¡póXv Fóv am{Xw. Añmlphn\v kvXpXn! kvXpXnIsfñmw bYmÀY¯nð AÀln¡póXv Ah³ XsóbmWtñm.

Ref:

1) kzlolpapkvenw, In¯m_pð ^ZmCen kvkzlm_

2) kzlolpð _pJmcn, In¯m_p kvkzlm_

3) kzlolpð _pJmcn, In¯m_p kvkzlm_

4) kzlolpð _pJmcn, InXm_pð Cðav

5) kzlolpð _pJmcn, InXm_pð en_mkv

6) C_v\p lPdpð AkvJem\n: XlvZo_p¯lvZo_v (www.wagfeya.com)

7) "tXmónhmknIÄ' FóÀYw.

8) kzlm_namcnð \nóv aXw ]Tn¨ ASp¯ XeapdbnepÅhscbmWv Xm_nDIÄ Fóp hnfn¡póXv.

9) "apAvXknð' Fómð hn«p\nóh³ FóÀYw.

10) Ignaz Goldziher: Muslim Studies, Vol.2, Page 4148

11) Harald Motzki: The Biography of Muhammed, The Issue of Sources, Brill, 2000

12) Joseph Schacht: The Origins of Muhammadan Juriprudance, ACLS, 2001 (www.historybook.org)

13) A.Guillaume: Traditions of Islam: An Introductions to the studies of the Hadith Literature, Montana, 2003

14) Ibid Page 78

15) www.sunnidefence.com

16) www.hadithcommunitywordpress.com

17) ^Xvlpð_mcn

18) XJn¿n_v\p aJeZnsâ apkv\Znð\nóv tUmÎÀ apkvX^Ê_mCu D²cn¨Xv. "kpó¯pw Ckvemw ioA¯nð AXnsâ Øm\hpw', ]pdw 240

19) ^Xvlpð_mcn.

20) apkv\Zv Camw AlvaZv (www.ekabakti.com)

21) lm^nZv AlvaZv_v\p Aenbp_v\p lPdpð AkvJem\n: Að Ckzm_Xp ^o Xmbokn kvkzlm_x 1571

22) "Akvlm_pkvkzp^v^'sbómð Xn®hmknIÄ FóÀYw. aäp tPmenIfnð hym]rXcmhmsX aZo\bnse ]ÅnbpsS Xn®bnð Ignªncpóhsc hnfn¨ncpó t]cmWnXv. JpÀB\nð "`qanbnð kôcn¨v D]Poh\w t\Sm³ Ignbm¯hn[w Añmlphnsâ amÀK¯nð _ÔnXcmbncn¡póhÀ' (2:273) Fóv {]iwkn¨v ]dªncn¡póXv Chsc¡pdn¨msWóv hymJymXm¡Ä ]dªn«pïv.

23) kp\\p A_oZmhqZv (www.ekabakti.com)

24) kzlolpð _pJmcn, In¯m_pð aKmkn

25) kzlolpð _pJmcn, ^ZmCepÀdkqep h kzlm_¯nln

26) apkv\Zv Camw AlvaZv (www.ekabakti.com)

27) William Graham: Beyond the Written Word, Cambridge, 1993 page 8083

28) Dr. Muhammad Musthafa AlA'zami: Studies in Early Hadith Literature, Kaulalumpur, 2000 page 184

29) Camw C_v\p IYoÀ; "Að _nZmb hónlmbx', hmeyw 8, ]pdw 106þ107

30) tUmÎÀ apkvX^ Akvk_mCbpsS "kpó¯pw Ckvemw icoA¯nð AXnsâ Øm\hpw' t\m¡pI. ]pdw 158þ186

31) kzlolpð _pJmcn, InXm_pð Cðav

32) kzlolp apkvenw, In¯m_pð ^ZmCenkvkzlm_x

33) kzlolpð _pJmcn, InXm_pkvkzem¯v

34) kzlolpapkvenw, InXm_pð Cuam³

35) kzlolpð _pJmcn, InXm_p¯zemJv; InXm_pðaKmkn

36) Dr. Jonathan AC Brown: "A Brief history of Hadith Collection and Criticism" www.youtube.com/watch?v=cxuebxgixhs

37) Nicholas Grimal: A history of Ancient Egypt, Hobocom NJ, 1994, page 199293

38) Dð]¯n 12:10þ20

39) Dð]¯n 40:1þ41:57

40) ]s¯m³]Xmw cmPhwi¯nse cmwskkv cïma³ N{IhÀ¯nbpsS `cWIme¯mWv tamsi Pohn¨sXóv IcpXs¸Spóp.

41) tUm. apl½Zv apkvX^ Að AAvZzanbpsS Studies in Early Hadith Literature, apl½Zv kpss_À knZvZoJnbpsS Hadith Literature, Hcp kwLw teJIcpsS Hadith and Sunnah; Ideals and Realities, tPm\mY³ F.kn {_uWnsâ Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World, tUmÎÀ apkvX^kvk_mCubpsS ""kpó¯pw Ckvemw icoA¯nð AXnsâ Øm\hpw'', tUm. A_q Aao\m _nemð ^nen]vknsâ Usool Al Hadith, The Methodology of Hadith Evaluation XpS§nb {KÙ§Ä hmbn¡pI.

42) Hugo De Burgh: Investigative Journalism, Contet and Practice, Newyork, 2000, Page 6888

43) Camw Zl_nbpsS "XZvIndXpð lp^v^mZn'ð \nóv tUm. apkvX^kvk_mCu D²cn¨Xv. ]pdw. 32

(CXnsâ ]c¼c hnOnóamsWóv lZoYv \ncq]W ]ÞnXv³amÀ A`n{]mbs]«n«pïv. A_q_¡Àys\ t\cnð Iïn«nñm¯ hyànbmWv At±l¯nð \nópanXv dnt¸mÀ«p sN¿póXv FóXmWv {]kvXpX hnaÀi\w)

44) kzlolp apkvenw, InXm_pð BZm_v

45) kzlolpð _pJmcn, InXm_pð Cðav

46) kzlolp apkvenw, InXm_p ^ZmCenkvkzlm_x.

47) kzlolp apkvenw, apJZvZna, _m_pð Ckv\mZn an\ZvZo\n

48) AtX {KÙw.

49) Quated by Janathan AC Brown: Hadith Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World, Page 78

50) Ibid

51) Muhammed Zubair Siddiqui: Hadith Literature Page 82, 83

52. Scott C. Luas: Constructive critics; Hadith Literature and the Articulation of Sunni Islam: The Legacy of the generation of Ibn Saa'd, Ibn Mahm and Ibn Hanbal, Netherlands, 2004, Page 143156

53. kzlolp apkvenw, apJZvZna

54. Abu Ameena Bilal Philips; Usool Al Hadith, the Methodology of Hadith Evaluation, UAE, Page 82, 83

55. Mohammed Adil Davis: The Science of Authenticating the prophet's Traditions, Cape Town, 1998, Page 77, 78

56. kzlolp apkvenw, apJZvZna.

57. PmanD¯nÀanZn, InXm_pð PnlmZv, _m_v amPmA ^nð anKvv^mÀ.

58. Camw C_v\p JpsskabpsS "kzlolv C_v\p Jpsska'(hmeyw 1, ]pdw 3)bnð \nóv tPm\mY³ F.kn.{_u¬ D²cn¨Xv: Jonathan A.C. Brown: Hadith Page 101

59. Majid Kadduri: AlShafi's Risala, Cambridge, 2008 Page 239240

60. ssiJpð Ckvemw C_v\p Xoanb: aPvaqDð ^Xmhm, hmeyw 18, ]pdw 23.

61. Abu Khaliyl: "Introduction to Jami'at At Tirmidhi,'English Translation of Jami At Tirmidhi, Vol. 1 Page 28, 29

62. PmanD¯nÀanZn, InXm_pð Ceð.

63. tUm. apkvX^kvk_mC D²cn¨Xv. "kpó¯pw Ckvemw icoA¯nð AXnsâ Øm\hpw', ]pdw 56

64. http://dohistory.org/onyourown/toolkit/oral History.html

65. kzlolpð _pJmcn, InXm_p a\mJn_pð A³kzmÀ; kzlolp apkvenw, InXm_pkvkzn^m¯nð Jnbmax hðPóx hómÀ; InXm_pð Cuam³

66. tUmIvSÀ apkvX^ kvk_mCbpsS "kpó¯pw Ckvemw icoA¯nð AXnsâ Øm\hpw' Fó {KÙ¯nð D²cn¡s¸«hbmWo lZoYpIÄ.

67. AZvZl_n: aokm\pð CAvXnZmð, hmeyw 3, ]pdw 306

68. Camw _pJmcnbpsS "A¯mcoJpð Huk¯nð' \nóv (hmeyw 2, ]pdw 110 119), tPm\mY³ {_u¬ D²cn¨Xv. Hadith Page 97